Both a metabolomic study in urine from patients with diabetic CKD and a transcriptomic study in microdissected kidney tubule samples from CKD patients of different etiologies showed that mitochondrial biogenesis, FAO genes, and PGC-1α expression were impaired in CKD patients compared to healthy controls [51,52,53]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and chronic kidney disease.