WNK2 and colonic neoplasm: The possible effects of M3R activation in CRC have been studied in vitro using H508 human colon cancer cells, suggesting that muscarinic receptor agonists stimulate cell proliferation, migration and invasion by several post-M3R signaling pathways, one example being acetylcholine-stimulated calcium-dependent phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [26,27].