With the overall frequency of CD4+ T-cells remaining stable in the various disease conditions (Figure 1C), the frequency of gliadin-specific CD154+ T-cells among CD4+ T-cells in PBMC was expectedly highest in active CeD (aCeD), i.e., without GFD, as well as in refractory CeD patients (RCD). The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is cranioectodermal dysplasia.