Interestingly, IL-27, IL-23, and IFN-a2, which are primarily secreted by DCs, were similarly secreted in co-cultures that contained the tolerogenic, IL-27-pretreated mDCs from HCs and IFNb-treated MS; however, they were strikingly different from their levels in the co-cultures containing the IL-27 pretreated mDCs from untreated MS patients. Here, IFNB1 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.