AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition to imaging assessment, several biochemical indicators, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), AFP lens culinaris agglutinin-3 (AFP-L3), and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II, also known as des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, DCP), are clinically used for HCC surveillance [13], though the sensitivity and specificity of current biomarkers are relatively low.