PON1 and atherosclerosis: In Pon1−/− mice, increased atherosclerosis was accompanied by increased oxidative stress manifested by elevated levels of lipid peroxides in isolated HDL [36], increased oxidized phospholipid epitopes in plasma, bioactive oxidized phospholipids in isolated endogenous intermediate density lipoprotein/LDL, and increased expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as heme oxygenase-1, PPARγ, and oxidized LDL-R in the liver [37].