Although HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines are both derived from grade 2 colorectal adenocarcinomas, there are differences between them as they carry different mutations: HT-29 in p53 and BRAF, while Caco2 in APC, p53 and SMAD4 [41,42,43,44]. Here, SMAD4 is linked to colorectal adenocarcinoma.