Although some researchers have pointed out that TMAO stimulation does not promote the expression of IL-1β mRNA levels in human aortic endothelial cells [29], it has been well documented that ingestion of choline or trimethylamine oxidase significantly increases IL-1β, leading to cellular inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, and physiological abnormalities such as arteriosclerosis [30,31]. Here, IL1B is linked to arteriosclerosis.