TNF and neoplasm: In this context, reports have described that EVs derived from Toxoplasma gondii-infected DCs contain a large amount of miR-155-5p, and can modify the TME by decreasing the proportion of MDSCs within the tumor and inducing the polarization of peripheral macrophages to M1 phenotype, with increased expression of iNOS and TNF-α that are directly associated with decreased tumor volume and increased survival time.