TNF and diabetes mellitus: In the results, people with diabetes showed statistically significantly higher unstimulated levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor α, (TNF-α) interferon γ, IL-10, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α), and 1β (MIP1β), and higher stimulated levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP1α, and MIP1β compared to the control group [22].