DDIT4 and diabetes mellitus: It is noteworthy that DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) [58] is specifically expressed in Müller cells with the same expression pattern as Müller markers, contributing to diabetes-induced retinal pathology; REDD1 knockout mice exhibit reduced oxidative stress with no obvious retinal thinning or neurodegeneration in the RGC layer, providing a potential clinical therapeutic target for future DR therapy [58].