SHANK1 and autism: The effects of Δ9-THC administration by oral gavage or intraperitoneal injection on sperm DNA methylation in seven genes notably involved in neurodevelopment and implicated in autism and ADS autism-like phenotypes (i.e., Dlg4, Grid1, Lrrtm4, Nrxn1, Nrxn3, Shank1, and Syt3) were recently compared to each other and to nicotine exposure in rats [114].