While TAMs are capable of causing tumor cytotoxicity, they can also stimulate tumor growth through the secretion of growth-inducing factors (e.g., Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Tumor Necrosis Factor α) to promote angiogenesis, tumor immunosuppression, and metastasis, as demonstrated in several animal models [28,29]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.