Similarly, sex cords and the late-stage tumour cells both had numerous genes upregulated when directly compared to naïve GCs (Figure 3A,B, respectively), of which about half were similarly upregulated (Alk5, Emp1, Igf1, Kitl, Pcna, Tdp2, Tead1 and Trp53). Here, IGF1 is linked to neoplasm.