Shared features of these CRC-associated microorganisms are the potential for direct DNA damage, and/or the capacity of hijacking host cell signaling pathways (such as the Wnt/βcatenin-TCF/LEF axis) so as to promote cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines [16,19]. This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and colorectal carcinoma.