GPC1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For CAR T-cells, early studies have investigated glypican (GPC3), a cell-surface glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that belongs to the heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan family, which plays important roles in cell growth differentiation, and migration, and is noted to be disproportionately elevated in HCC [95].