NFKB1 and neoplasm: The effect of the oestrogen signalling pathway on inflammation in breast tumours was investigated by Qureshi et al., who showed that oestrone, which is upregulated in post-menopausal women, promotes NF-kB-mediated inflammation which results in the increase of tumour-initiating stem cells and ER+ cancer initiation and progression, as well as poor outcomes [84].