Other proposed mechanisms include immune modulation underlying pre-eclampsia pathophysiology which may contribute to production of inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory T cells; [45, 46] inflammatory markers and mediators, such as CRP, TNF α and VEGFA, have been positively associated with endometrial cancer risk, independent of obesity [47, 48]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.