Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a family of structurally related proteins that are closely associated with a variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration, regulate protein serine/threonine kinase activity and lead to phosphorylation of the intracellular effector SMAD protein, which promote tumor invasion and metastasis66. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.