TGFB1 and neoplasm: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a family of structurally related proteins that are closely associated with a variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration, regulate protein serine/threonine kinase activity and lead to phosphorylation of the intracellular effector SMAD protein, which promote tumor invasion and metastasis66.