We also aimed to evaluate associations of genetically proxied perturbation of three of these targets with reliable cis-acting instruments (ABCC8, PPARG and GLP1R) with risk of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer, common cancers with epidemiological evidence suggesting a link between glucose-lowering medication use and their onset, and overall (i.e. site-combined) cancer [5, 12–14, 18, 19, 26–28]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARG and prostate cancer.