Superoxide can be catalyzed by superoxide dismutase into hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide is dismutated into hydroxyl radicals through redox reactions, which is the most active ROS.[52] The antioxidant system includes antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, which are responsible for scavenging ROS.[53] Furthermore, oxidative stress injury is associated with the development of many diseases, including CKD. This evidence concerns the gene CAT and chronic kidney disease.