These findings indicate that AP-1 can mediate the activation of TGF-β signaling to promote the occurrence of renal fibrosis.[26] As a member of the NF-κB protein superfamily, P65 (RELA) is mainly involved in inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor suppression, while its role in developing chronic kidney disease is gradually increasing. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease.