CXCL12 and neoplasm: These cellular processes are achieved through the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis, which activates several downstream molecular signalling pathways, including the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway to promote cell migration and the release of intracellular calcium; the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP‐K) pathway to primarily promote proliferation; the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway to increase cell survival18 and the upregulation of integrin expression and activation on tumour cells to enhance adhesion (Figure 2).69