Surprisingly, endothelial cells connect with macrophages through the highly expressed sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1) in a contact-dependent manner, promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory macrophages in damaged cardiac tissue through the S1P/S1PR1/ERK/CSF1 pathway, thereby improving adverse cardiac remodeling after MI [148]. Here, S1PR1 is linked to myocardial infarction.