Previous studies have shown that the development of inflammatory bowel disease is caused by the interaction of immune system molecules (cytokines and interleukins, etc.), cells (macrophages, lymphocytes (B cells and T cells), etc.), signaling pathways (TNF signaling pathway and chemokine signaling pathway, etc.)and other factors (foreign microbes or immune system-stimulating drugs)43,44. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.