UGDH and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: We fed mice with CD-HFD for 4 weeks to establish NASH and then intravenously injected mice with adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8), a liver-targeted therapeutic gene vector that has high transduction efficiency in liver cells40, to overexpress UGDH (AAV-UGDH) in the livers of mice while continuing CD-HFD for additional 8 weeks (Supplementary Fig. 5h).