PDCD1 and renal cell carcinoma: In recent several years, one of the prevalent research direction is the combination of angiogenic inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, in which better clinical benefits from HCC and RCC patients treated with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and VEGFR-2 inhibitors than with monotherapy.467,525,526 Tumors can induce immune tolerance and limit proliferation and activation of T cells during growth and metastasis by using immune checkpoints (ICs) produced on T cells to accomplish immune escape.