INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: However, the efficacy is still limited and needed further investigations.141 In addition to GLP-1, some other proteins like the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 along with human proinsulin were simultaneously introduced to engineered L. lactis MG1363, the combination therapy with low-dose systemic anti-CD3 allowing reversal of irregulated self-autoimmune triggered diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.142,143 This design could possibly be effective for the treating of type 1 diabetes in human.