INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The excessive blood-glucose concentration in diabetes patients is from the deficiency of insulin-producing β cells for type 1 diabetes, or from low insulin sensitivity of body cells for type 2 diabetes.69 Using a synthetic biology-based multiple screening approach, Xie et al. engineered human kidney cells HEK-293 to sense blood glucose levels for insulin secretion.70 The design combines automatic diagnosis and treatment in diabetes therapy.