Previous studies have shown that galactose is associated with oxidative stress, immune inflammation, and metabolic disorders, and can activate inflammatory signaling pathways such as the MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and NF-κB pathways to promote the release of inflammatory factors (Zhong et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2021). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is Other metabolic disease.