TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and selenium are epidemiologically linked with ALS risk, which was also consistent with the current finding lead increased risk for ALS, and the homeostasis of TDP-43 in neurons was disrupted might be one of the mechanisms of metals causing neurodegeneration (Ash et al., 2019; Koski et al., 2021).