CCL3 and COVID-19: Moreover, inflammatory cytokines that have been shown to be elevated in patients with COVID-19 include IL-6, L-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, GMCSF, IP-10, MCP-1, CCL3 and TNFα, with IL-6 being considered a significant predictor of disease severity and mortality (3, 40).