EPO and neoplasm: A drawback of prolonged and/or high dose Epo administration is the overproduction of erythrocytes leading to increased risk of thrombosis, stimulation of cancerogenic cell proliferation and tumor vascularization all resulting from activation of homodimeric classical EpoR (Hardee et al., 2006; Ehrenreich et al., 2009; Pedroso et al., 2012; Cao, 2013).