CSF2 and neoplasm: CAFs exert an immunomodulatory role in TME (62); through the secretion of IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), they induce the differentiation of monocytes towards M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and the immunosuppressive environment generated facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis (63).