PTEN and cancer: It has been determined that exposure to cancer cell-derived lysophosphatidic acid generates a glycolytic change and a CAF phenotype in normal and peritumoral fibroblasts (35, 36), somatic mutations in the TP53 or PTEN genes would be another pathway by which physiological fibroblasts can transform into CAFs (37, 38), exosomes loaded with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) secreted by cancer cells promote the generation of CAFs from fibroblasts (39).