TNF and atherosclerosis: Adipose tissue augmented by obesity secretes inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which aggravate obesity-related metabolic diseases, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and hypertension [2].