TNF and Alzheimer disease: The protein levels of IL-1β (Figure 5A), IL-6 (Figure 5B), and TNF-α (Figure 5C) were significantly increased in AD mice (Figure 5Ab, 5Bb, 5Cb, 5Ae, 5Af, 5Be, 5Bf, 5Ce, 5Cf) and decreased in PAW-fed (AD+PAW) (Figure 5Ac, 5Bc, 5Cc, 5Ae, 5Af, 5Be, 5Bf, 5Ce, 5Cf) and FMT (AD+FMT) (Figure 5Ad, 5Bd, 5Cd, 5Ae, 5Af, 5Be, 5Bf, 5Ce, 5Cf) AD mice compared to water-fed AD mice (Figure 5Aa, 5Ba, 5Ca, 5Ae, 5Af, 5Be, 5Cf, 5Ce, 5Cf), as measured by an IF staining assay (Figure 5A–5C).