TGFB1 and neoplasm: Besides, a variety of cytokines secreted by CAFs, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), can promote immune cells to “serve” tumor, especially tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), resulting in immunosuppressive TME for tumor development [21, 22].