On the other hand, chronic sterile inflammation, characterized by aberrant activation of the immune system, enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18, and activation of immune complexes, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome, is now being recognized as a key driver of disease progression in heart failure [156, 157]. Here, NLRP3 is linked to heart failure.