Interestingly, the NANOG signature, which is a gene set used to acquire a more reliable readout indicating NANOG functionality in tumor cells24, was upregulated in chemotherapy-resistant LUAD (lung adenocarcinoma), LUSC (lung squamous cell carcinoma), STAD (stomach adenocarcinoma), and STES (stomach and esophageal carcinoma) cancer patients (Supplementary Fig. 13). Here, NANOG is linked to neoplasm.