Interestingly, the NANOG signature, which is a gene set used to acquire a more reliable readout indicating NANOG functionality in tumor cells24, was upregulated in chemotherapy-resistant LUAD (lung adenocarcinoma), LUSC (lung squamous cell carcinoma), STAD (stomach adenocarcinoma), and STES (stomach and esophageal carcinoma) cancer patients (Supplementary Fig. 13). Here, NANOG is linked to digestive system neoplasm.