IL1R1 and cancer: Acetate can enhance the expression of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) through GPR43, promoting ILC3 to produce IL-22 after stimulation with IL-1β.164 Also, GPR43 can promote the expansion of ILC3 which is essential for intestinal homeostasis and host defense.165 But its exact role in cancers remains to be further investigated.166 In summary, SCFAs can participate in anti-cancer tumor immunity through GPR43, and combine the metabolic microenvironment with the immune microenvironment, which will be a field that worth exploring.