TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: It has been reported that activation of MAPK signaling pathway promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model of renal fibrosis and in TGF-β1-treated renal tubular epithelial cells, and inhibition of MAPK signaling prevented EMT and delayed renal fibrosis(Rhyu et al. 2005; Hung et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2009).