TNF and cancer: Interestingly, our data showed that compared to the HCC group, the CLT treatment dramatically reduced the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, and Bcl2 and increased the expression of Bax and Bec1. This indicates that the CLT treatment was able to upregulate apoptotic pathways while downregulating inflammatory pathways, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic option for certain types of cancer.