TSPO and colorectal cancer: E.g., a pro-apoptotic role of TSPO has been reported in human colorectal cancer cells, C6 rat glioma and U118MG human glioma cells, where TSPO induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and thereby disrupted mitochondrial membrane potentials, subsequently leading to cytochrome c release and formation of a cytosolic apoptosome complex [13, 48, 80, 102].