Notably, MFAP5highCAFs inhibition in combination with anti-PD-L1 treatment significantly suppressed tumor proliferation with a reduction in tumor weight by over 70%, along with reduced collagen deposition and immunosuppressive cells including Foxp3+Treg cells and Ly6G+myeloid cells, increased infiltration of cytotoxicity Granzyme B+CD8+T cells and obvious tumor cell apoptosis (Cleaved-Caspase3), in comparison to any of the mono-treated subgroups (Figs. 6A–F, S9D–E). Here, FOXP3 is linked to neoplasm.