IFNB1 and lung carcinoma: We first demonstrated the performance and functionality of the CPA on three small single‐cell datasets: a dataset of PBMCs stimulated with IFN‐β (Kang et al, 2018), a dataset of human lung cancer cells perturbed by four drugs (Srivatsan et al, 2020), and a longitudinal cross‐species dataset of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated phagocytes (Hagai et al, 2018; see Materials and Methods).