HMGB1 and neoplasm: PTX has been proposed as an effective ICD inducer based on research into mouse breast cancer (4T1), CRC (CT26 and MC38), lung cancer (LL/2), and ovarian cancer (ID8 and ID8F3) cells, as well as human CRC cells (HCT116), where it causes the exposure of CRT and ERp57 in tumor cells, accompanied by ATP and HMGB1 release (Lau et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020).