TNF and Parkinson disease: A1-like astrocytes were found to be induced by the cytokine trio Il-1α, TNF, and C1q secreted by microglia and were identified in post-mortem samples from patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Liddelow et al., 2017; Guttenplan et al., 2020).