STINGVAX, the first STING-based cancer vaccine designed using granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting cancer cells and CDNs, has been found to induce a superior antitumor response in vivo compared to unformulated GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines in models of CT26 colon cancer, upper gastrointestinal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCFVII), and pancreatic cancer (PANC02) (113). Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.