The 5-ASA preparations (e.g. mesalazine, sulfasalazine) are clinically effective drugs for the treatment of IBD (which causes intestinal damage), and act by modulating several gut inflammatory pathways [including those associated with Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), arachidonic acid and leukotriene biosynthesis, NF-kappaB (NF-κB), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)] (275–279). Here, MTOR is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.