Vaccination with TBE vaccines induces protective antibodies, mainly against E, and CD4+ T cells against C and E. In contrast, natural infection with TBEV induces protective antibodies against E and NS1 as well as CD4+ (against C, E, and NS1) and CD8+ T cells (against NS2A, NS3, NS4B, and NS5) (10). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is infection.