TLR9 and neoplasm: Moreover,HMGB1 signals is thought to exert tumor-promoting effects in malignant tumors via the tumor HMGB1/RAGE axis through agonist receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), and other pattern recognition receptors, like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 (108, 109).