Moreover,HMGB1 signals is thought to exert tumor-promoting effects in malignant tumors via the tumor HMGB1/RAGE axis through agonist receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), and other pattern recognition receptors, like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 (108, 109). Here, HMGB1 is linked to cancer.