Contrarily, analysis of macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COPD patients revealed primarily non-polarized macrophages with reduced gene expression of CD163, CD40, and CCL13, which are involved in pathogen recognition and processing; non polarized macrophages are primarily to blame for the decreased phagocytic capacity and the reduced ability to recognize and handle pathogens in lung macrophages (38). Here, CCL13 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.